Week 2 Discussion Part I Table 1 What is the Rome IV criteria for functional constipation

List possible physiologic and psychosocial factors related to encopresis

Physiologic

Psychosocial

1. Chronic constipation leading to fecal retention

1. Toilet training conflicts

2. Neurological disorders affecting bowel control

2. Stressful life events (e.g., divorce, relocation)

3. Dietary factors (low fiber intake)

3. Emotional disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression)

4. Hypothyroidism or metabolic disorders

4. History of abuse or neglect

5. Gastrointestinal motility disorders

5. Social stigma and embarrassment (Yilanli & Gokarakonda, 2023)

Jaundice Appears

Jaundice Disappears

Peak Bilirubin Concentration (days)

Diagnostic Studies

Management and Prevention

Physiologic

After 24 hours

By 1–2 weeks

Days 3–5

Total serum bilirubin (TSB), direct Coombs test

Frequent feeding to promote bilirubin excretion; monitoring bilirubin levels

Full-term

After 24 hours

By 1–2 weeks

Days 3–5

TSB, transcutaneous bilirubin measurement

Phototherapy if bilirubin levels exceed thresholds; ensure adequate hydration

Premature

After 24 hours

By 2–3 weeks

Days 5–7

TSB, reticulocyte count, blood type testing

More vigilant monitoring; phototherapy initiated at lower bilirubin levels; possible exchange transfusion in severe cases

Complete the information requested.

What is the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for breastfeeding?

The American Academy of Pediatrics advocates using exclusive breastfeeding for nearly the first 6 months, and after this, continued breastfeeding, together with complementary foods, for a minimum of 1 year or more as desired mutually between mother and child (Meek & Noble, 2022).

How much weight loss is common after birth – what percentage? ________

Newborn babies often lose 10 percent or less of birth weight within the first days after giving birth (Mtove et al., 2022).

Newborns should regain birth weight by ______ (when?)

Newborns typically regain their birth weight by 10 to 14 days of age.

What do the Letters PURPLE stand for:

The PURPLE acronym describes normal infant crying patterns:

·
Peak of crying: Crying increases at 2–3 weeks, peaks at 6–8 weeks.

·
Unexpected: Crying can come and go without apparent reason.

·
Resists soothing: The baby may not stop crying despite efforts.

·
Pain-like face: The baby may look like they are in pain, even if they are not.

·
Long-lasting: Crying can last several hours a day.

·
Evening: Crying may occur more in the late afternoon and evening

Birth weight _________ at 6 months and _______ at 12 months.

Birth weight typically doubles by 6 months and triples by 12 months.

How does one distinguish caput succedaneum and cephalohematoma?

Caput Succedaneum: Swelling of the scalp that crosses suture lines; caused by pressure during delivery; resolves within a few days.

Cephalohematoma: Collection of blood between the skull bone and its periosteum; does not cross suture lines; may take weeks to resolve.

What percentage of mothers experience “baby blues” after birth?

Approximately 50% to 75% of patients experience baby blues, which are temporary and require no treatment

What screening tool/scale is used to identify mothers at risk for perinatal depression?

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is commonly used to screen for postpartum depression.

What is the daily dose for vitamin D in an infant? Breast milk or formula contains________ calories per ounce?

Infants should receive 400 IU of vitamin D daily, starting within the first few days of life (CDC, 2024)

Breast milk or formula contains________ calories per ounce?

Breast milk and most infant formulas typically contain around 20 calories per ounce

When can infants start solid foods?

Infants can start solid foods around 6 months of age, when they show readiness signs such as sitting up with support and showing interest in foo (CDC, 2024)

What are 5 principles for the introduction of solids into an infant’s diet?

· Introduce one new food at a time, waiting 3–5 days before adding another to monitor for allergies.

· Start with iron-rich foods like fortified cereals or pureed meats.

· Offer a variety of textures and flavors to encourage acceptance.

· Avoid added sugars and salt in baby foods.

· Continue breastfeeding or formula feeding alongside solids.

How long should newborns avoid cow’s milk and why?

infants should not be given cow’s milk as a drink before 12 months of age due to risks of iron deficiency and potential for intestinal irritation

What are the clinical findings of dehydration in infants?

· Dry mouth and tongue.

· Few or no tears when crying.

· Fewer than six wet diapers in 24 hours.

· Sunken eyes or fontanelle.

· Lethargy or irritability.

Complete the table

Name

Clinical Features

Differential Diagnoses

Treatment/Management

Herpes Simplex Virus

Painful vesicular lesions on mouth or genitals; fever

Aphthous ulcers, hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Antiviral medications (e.g., acyclovir); supportive care

Mononucleosis

Fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, fatigue

Streptococcal pharyngitis, cytomegalovirus

Supportive care; corticosteroids in severe cases

Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum)

High fever followed by rash as fever subsides

Measles, rubella

Supportive care; antipyretics

Varicella

Itchy vesicular rash in various stages, fever

Insect bites, impetigo

Antiviral therapy in high-risk cases; supportive care

Influenza

Sudden onset fever, cough, myalgia, fatigue

Common cold, COVID-19

Antiviral medications (e.g., oseltamivir); supportive care

Measles (Rubeola)

High fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots

Rubella, roseola

Supportive care; vitamin A supplementation

Mumps

Parotid gland swelling, fever, headache

Lymphadenitis, salivary gland disorders

Supportive care; isolation to prevent spread

Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth disease)

“Slapped cheek” rash, lacy rash on body, mild fever

Rubella, scarlet fever

Supportive care; avoid contact with pregnant women

Rubella

Mild fever, rash starting on face and spreading downward

Measles, roseola

Supportive care; prevention through vaccination

What are the 4 key fundamental principles to consider when prescribing medications for children?

1. Age and Developmental Stage – Consider the child’s age and developmental level, which affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

2. Formulation and Administration – Choose a formulation appropriate for the child’s swallowing ability and ease of administration (e.g., liquid vs. tablet).

3. Dosage Accuracy and Safety – Use weight-based dosing to ensure accuracy and minimize the risk of underdosing or overdosing.

4. Accessibility and Adherence – Ensure the medication is affordable, readily available, and practical for the child and family to use as prescribed. (Smith et al., 2022).